24. alternate 其他的,二者選一的(同義詞alternative)
25. in the long run從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,最終(同義詞 in the long term)
26. be bound to 注定,必定
27. dead end 絕境,死胡同;盡頭
28. march to a different drummer 標(biāo)新立異;相信一套不同的原則
29. ignorant of 對(duì)…無知,不了解
30. restrict 限制(同根詞strict嚴(yán)格的)
31. come up with 提出,想出
32. assertion 主張,論斷
難句分析
1. Discoveries in sciences and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 本句的主干是Discoveries… are thought ... to ...or as...,其中to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents 是主語discoveries的補(bǔ)語,對(duì)其作補(bǔ)充解釋。注意:untaught minds的意思是“不了解科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)艱苦過程的人”,而blinding flashes的意思是“耀眼的瞬間(即靈感)”。
[參考譯文] “不知其中艱辛的人”認(rèn)為發(fā)明創(chuàng)造是靈感或戲劇化事件的結(jié)果。
2. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.醫(yī).學(xué).全.在.線www.med126.com
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not ... look at and get the idea...,中間是插入成分as legend would have it(象傳說中那樣),閱讀時(shí)可以先跳過去。
[參考譯文] 亞歷山大·佛萊明爵士并不像傳說中的那樣,看到一塊奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了發(fā)明青霉素的想法。
3. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 本句包含兩個(gè)分句,后一個(gè)分句的主語是the best players,謂語是miss 和have their shots blocked(他們的射門被擋住)兩個(gè)并列的部分,最后的比較結(jié)構(gòu)much more frequently than they score作狀語。注意:作者此處把創(chuàng)新者比喻為足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員,而把創(chuàng)新比喻為踢足球,那么創(chuàng)新成功就等于射門成功。
[參考譯文] 創(chuàng)新就像踢足球,即使是最好的球員也會(huì)將球射失,而且他們的射門被擋住的時(shí)候多,得分的時(shí)候少。
4. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個(gè)并列句:第一個(gè)分句的主干是The point is that…,后面that引導(dǎo)的表語從句的主干是the players…are the ones…,其中有兩個(gè)定語從句,分別修飾主語the players和表語the ones;破折號(hào)之后的部分是第二個(gè)分句。
[參考譯文] 問題是,得分最多的球員正是那些射門次數(shù)最多的---任何領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新都是如此。
5. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 本句開始是直接引語,其主干為Creative thinking may mean simply the realization...,realization后面的that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句that there is no particular virtue…修飾the realization;這一同位語從句中的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)in doing things the way they have always been done作狀語,其中they have always been done是一個(gè)定語從句,修飾the way(the way前面可以視為省略了介詞in)。注意:there is no virtue in…的意思是“…沒有什么道理”。類似結(jié)構(gòu)有:there is no point in… …沒有道理。
[參考譯文] 語言專家魯?shù)婪颉し鹑R士寫道:“創(chuàng)造性思維往往只源于下列認(rèn)識(shí)---以傳統(tǒng)方法做事未必就好”。
6. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 本句的主干是This accounts for our reaction…,其中賓語reaction 后面的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)to seemingly simple innovations…作reaction的定語,而innovations后面又帶兩個(gè)定語,一個(gè)是like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels,另一個(gè)是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that make life more convenient。注意:how come的意思是“…是怎么回事”。
[參考譯文] 這說明了我們對(duì)塑料垃圾袋和帶輪旅行箱之類看似簡(jiǎn)單卻令生活更方便的發(fā)明的反應(yīng):“以前怎么就沒人想到這一點(diǎn)呢?”
試題詳解
17.詞義題。這類題的干擾選項(xiàng)是含有表面意思的選項(xiàng)。C“沒有受過教育的人”是問題中的詞匯“untaught minds”的表面意思,是干擾選項(xiàng)?梢愿鶕(jù)上下文確定該詞組的準(zhǔn)確意思。從一段第二句開始,作者以Alexander Fleming為例,說明untaught minds的觀點(diǎn)“科技中的發(fā)現(xiàn)不是靈光一閃或戲劇化事件的結(jié)果”不對(duì),認(rèn)為“發(fā)明和創(chuàng)新是辛勤的試驗(yàn)和不斷的錯(cuò)誤之后的結(jié)果(Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error)”。由此可知untaught minds “對(duì)試驗(yàn)中的艱苦工作不了解”,因此A為正確答案。
18.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題問“創(chuàng)新者與非創(chuàng)新者的差別”,這一點(diǎn)在二段第二句提到:The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach (創(chuàng)新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法),C“他們處理問題的方法”符合此意,為正確答案。查找原文時(shí)首先要注意difference是問題中動(dòng)詞詞組distinguishes…from的同義詞,其次difference前的prime提示這里是考試的重點(diǎn)。
19.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題問作者在三段引用R.Flesch的話的用意。先看R.Flesch的原話:Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done(創(chuàng)造性思維的含義也許就是認(rèn)識(shí)到?jīng)]有必要總是循規(guī)蹈矩地做事情),這等于說可以嘗試新方法,這與作者在前面所說的“創(chuàng)新者尋找新方法”是一致的,加強(qiáng)了作者的論述。因此B為正確答案。
20.詞義題。這句話是對(duì)全文的總結(jié),因?yàn)閱为?dú)成句的段落常概括全文的中心。這句話的主語是highly creative individuals,就是上文所說的innovators,這些人不因循守舊,符合此意的是B,所以是正確答案。注意:也可以根據(jù)問題中的different直接選B。
參考譯文
“不知其中艱辛的人”認(rèn)為發(fā)明創(chuàng)造是靈感或戲劇化事件的結(jié)果。亞歷山大·佛萊明爵士并不像傳說中的那樣,看到一塊奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了發(fā)明青霉素的想法。在做出發(fā)現(xiàn)之前,他已經(jīng)花了九年時(shí)間試驗(yàn)抗菌物質(zhì)。發(fā)明和創(chuàng)新幾乎總是來自艱辛的嘗試和錯(cuò)誤。創(chuàng)新就像踢足球,即使是最好的球員也會(huì)將球射失,而且他們的射門被擋住的時(shí)候多,得分的時(shí)候少。
問題是,得分最多的球員正是那些射門次數(shù)最多的——任何領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新都是如此。創(chuàng)新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法。人人都有想法,但是創(chuàng)新者自覺鉆研自己的想法,并將這些想法堅(jiān)持到底,直到這些想法被證明可行或不可行為止。普通人認(rèn)為是奇思怪想的抽象的東西,在職業(yè)創(chuàng)新者的眼中卻是實(shí)在的可能性。
語言專家魯?shù)婪颉し鹑R士寫道:“創(chuàng)造性思維往往只源于下列認(rèn)識(shí)——以傳統(tǒng)方法做事未必就好”。這說明了我們對(duì)塑料垃圾袋和帶輪旅行箱之類看似簡(jiǎn)單卻令生活更方便的發(fā)明的反應(yīng):“以前怎么就沒人想到這一點(diǎn)呢?”
創(chuàng)造性方法始于這樣一個(gè)主張:一切事情的真實(shí)情況都不像它們所表現(xiàn)出來的樣子。創(chuàng)新者從不認(rèn)為做一件事情的方法只有一種。在面臨從A走到B的問題時(shí)普通人會(huì)自動(dòng)走那條最為人熟悉、并且從表面上看起來最簡(jiǎn)單的路線。創(chuàng)新者會(huì)尋找其他路線——這些路線從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看會(huì)更加容易,而且即使通向死胡同也注定更加有趣、更富挑戰(zhàn)性。
具有高度創(chuàng)造性的人的確有與眾不同的想法。
佳句摘錄
Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.
Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
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李傳偉考研閱讀聽課筆記之一
李傳偉考研閱讀聽課筆記之二
李傳偉考研閱讀聽課筆記之三