2014年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ惛爬ù笠饩毩?xí)(2)
The Mir Space Station
The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.
During Mir's lifetime, Russia spent about US$4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.
The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.
The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.
A debate continues over Mir's contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favoring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.
Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures.
Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir's reputation as a space station was ruined.
Mir's setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it's time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.
1. Paragraph 4__________
2. Paragraph 5__________醫(yī)學(xué) 全在.線提供m.52667788.cn
3. Paragraph 6__________
4. Paragraph 8__________
A Rewards following the U.S. financial injectionB Mir's firsts in scientific experiments and space explorationC Undeniable Mir's achievementsD Mir regarded as a complete failureE Mir's problem yearF A great debt owned to the International Space Station
5. Mir enhanced the confidence in the scientists that humans living in space for a long time was ..........
6. In Mir, the U.S. astronauts created ..........
7. When we think of Mir in terms of its achievements, its setbacks are ..........
8. The writer tends to think that Mir was ..........
A everything.B nothing.C a tremendous failure.D quite possible.E many firsts.F a great success.
參考答案:
1．C 第三段解釋了為什么soot會(huì)增加地球升溫效應(yīng)。
2．A 第四段介紹了soot在兩方面起的作用：(1)soot增加了雪吸收太陽能量和熱量的能力；(2)soot導(dǎo)致海洋和陸地上空的大氣層發(fā)生變化。
3．F第六段的關(guān)鍵句子是：“…greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century．” ．
4．B第七段介紹了在研究北半球的緯度、雪覆蓋面和日照諸因素與氣溫升高之間的關(guān)系方面取得的成果。
5．B 選擇B的依據(jù)是第一段。有關(guān)的句子是：�！啊璪lack soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century．”選項(xiàng)B中用了過去式contributed，也是選B的一個(gè)線索，因?yàn)榈谖孱}的題干中有in me twentieth century，這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語要求謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，而4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B項(xiàng)的動(dòng)詞用的是過去式。
6．E Hansen cautioned和greenhouse gases僅出現(xiàn)在第六段。該段的大意是：雖然煤煙在改變?nèi)驓夂蚍矫嫠鸬淖饔孟喈?dāng)顯著，但是上個(gè)世紀(jì)氣溫上升的主要因素還是溫室氣體。選項(xiàng)E概括了第六段的意思。
7．D 本題答案的依據(jù)是第二段第一句。
8．A本題答案的依據(jù)是第五段的下列句子： Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate．“This forcing is unusually effective， causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude，”Harisen noted．
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