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  心肌保護(hù)臨床研究和應(yīng)用進(jìn)展           ★★★ 【字體:

心肌保護(hù)臨床研究和應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

文章來源:醫(yī)學(xué)全在線 更新時間:2006-5-31 3:48:52 技能論壇


4   心肌缺血預(yù)調(diào)(ischemic preconditioning,IP)
   
    4.1   阻斷血流的IP   缺血預(yù)調(diào)是強(qiáng)有力的心肌保護(hù)方式,是內(nèi)源性的對心肌缺血的預(yù)適應(yīng)過程,其保護(hù)作用可分為兩個時相,即早期和延遲時相,早期時相可以從幾分鐘到2~3h不等,延遲時相一般在預(yù)調(diào)后12~24h[27]。Kallner等研究[28]證明,CABG時阻斷冠狀動脈左前降支2~3min,復(fù)灌4~5min,可以對心臟產(chǎn)生心肌保護(hù)。其機(jī)制與降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(calcitoningene related peptide,CGRP)的釋放有關(guān),從而在人體上證實了局部心肌IP可以對全心缺血再灌注損傷產(chǎn)生心肌保護(hù)作用,有利于CABG患者術(shù)后心室功能的恢復(fù)。
   
    4.2   藥物IP   經(jīng)典的缺血預(yù)調(diào)在臨床應(yīng)用當(dāng)中需要暫時阻斷血流,只適合于心外科病人,不適用于心內(nèi)科病人,為了彌補(bǔ)上述不足,人們更加著眼于藥物誘導(dǎo)缺血預(yù)調(diào)的方法。
   
    4.2.1   腺苷IP   Wei等[29]將30例CABG患者隨機(jī)分為試驗組及對照組,在試驗組患者體外循環(huán)開始前經(jīng)由Swan-Ganz導(dǎo)管連接上腔靜脈管口按650μg/kg的劑量,100μg(kg·min)速度注射腺苷,而后開始體外循環(huán),對照組不用藥,結(jié)果顯示,應(yīng)用腺苷進(jìn)行缺血預(yù)調(diào)后CK-MB的釋放減少,心臟指數(shù)上升,有利于心肌功能恢復(fù);但Belhomme在一項隨機(jī)化的研究[30]中采用腺苷預(yù)調(diào)CABG患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)肌鈣蛋白I(TnI)釋放的峰值組間差異無顯著性,而ecto-5’核苷酸酶(蛋白激酶C激活的標(biāo)記物)在預(yù)調(diào)組顯著升高,提示腺苷可以激活蛋白激酶C的預(yù)調(diào)通路,但難以獲得令人滿意的心肌保護(hù)效果,而且腺苷激動劑還可能引起低血壓、心臟驟停、腎血管收縮,對疼痛敏感等不良反應(yīng)。但是在有關(guān)急性心肌梗死(AMI)的臨床研究中,腺苷的心肌保護(hù)效果是令人鼓舞的[31,32],AMI患者由靜脈給予腺苷預(yù)調(diào)后行再灌注治療(溶栓或者PTCA),可以減輕前壁心梗的程度。在腺苷的二期臨床試驗[31]當(dāng)中,腺苷組AMI發(fā)生率、6個月后死亡率及心衰事件的發(fā)生率均降低,雖然和對照組相比沒有顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,據(jù)分析可能與有些患者心肌沒有得到充分的再灌注有關(guān)。
   
    4.2.2   麻醉藥物IP   近來的研究證實,揮發(fā)性麻醉藥物包括七氟烷、異氟烷也能提供心肌保護(hù)作用[33,34],這種保護(hù)作用定義為麻醉藥誘導(dǎo)的預(yù)調(diào),類似于缺血預(yù)調(diào),但機(jī)制尚未闡明,可能和ATP敏感的鉀離子通道有關(guān)。De Hert[33]認(rèn)為采用七氟烷麻醉同采用異丙酚麻醉的CABG患者相比較,前者心肌酶釋放減少,術(shù)后心臟功能恢復(fù)提高。這些臨床的初步證據(jù)提示麻醉藥誘導(dǎo)的預(yù)調(diào)對人體心肌的保護(hù)作用,盡管有待大宗臨床研究驗證,但的確為臨床預(yù)防心肌缺血提供了新的方向。
   
    4.3   IP信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制   Karck[35]在離體兔心上評價D-Ala2-D-Leu5腦啡肽(DADLE)(δ阿片受體激動劑)預(yù)調(diào)的心肌保護(hù)效果,顯示δ阿片受體激活后的保護(hù)效果等同于經(jīng)典的缺血預(yù)調(diào),對于缺血后心功能的恢復(fù)有益處,而且此效果可被納洛酮所逆轉(zhuǎn),充分提示了缺血預(yù)調(diào)有著阿片類受體的調(diào)制。線粒體的ATP敏感的鉀離子通道也參與了缺血預(yù)調(diào)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),但是對于鉀離子通道開放劑的效果仍然眾說紛紜,各執(zhí)一詞,有的研究[36]提示,其功效與線粒體內(nèi)Ca2+顯著減少及膜電壓變化有關(guān),而另外的研究[37]報道則表明幾乎沒有膜電壓的變化,也沒有Ca2+及生物能學(xué)的變化。Loubani等[38]認(rèn)為線粒體ATP敏感的鉀離子通道并不是缺血預(yù)調(diào)所致心肌保護(hù)的最終效應(yīng)器,而p38分裂素激活的蛋白激酶可能是缺血預(yù)調(diào)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的一個重要角色,然而,目前多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為,如果對其阻斷,則會減輕缺血預(yù)調(diào)的心肌保護(hù)作用,并且認(rèn)為其在調(diào)節(jié)反應(yīng)性氧化產(chǎn)物(ROS),促進(jìn)氧化磷酸化及Ca2+的穩(wěn)態(tài)方面有著重要作用,單純的應(yīng)用某種鉀通道阻滯劑或開放劑進(jìn)行研究得出某種論斷的方法對于結(jié)果的解釋通常缺乏說服力,仍有待于進(jìn)一步深入研究[39]。
   
    4.4   IP同細(xì)胞凋亡   Zhao等研究[40]表明,IP可上調(diào)Bcl-2和下調(diào)p53基因的表達(dá),改變抗凋亡蛋白和促凋亡蛋白的平衡,抑制心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡而發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。然而Wu等[41]研究結(jié)果表明,IP的心肌保護(hù)效果同心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡并沒有關(guān)系,最近Okubo等[42]證明,IP效應(yīng)可以減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,而且認(rèn)為D阿片受體(delta-opioid receptor,DOR)起著IP信號傳導(dǎo)的重要作用,看來IP在心肌細(xì)胞凋亡方面是有一定效果,但和不同IP的方式、作用機(jī)制、實驗方法等密切相關(guān),目前尚未完全明了,有關(guān)IP同凋亡的研究仍有待于進(jìn)一步深入。
   
    4.5   IP結(jié)語   IP調(diào)動內(nèi)源性保護(hù)機(jī)制,通過各種信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑,進(jìn)而觸發(fā)信號分子事件的連鎖反應(yīng),激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,介導(dǎo)保護(hù)性蛋白的基因表達(dá)從而降低細(xì)胞的氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng),提高心肌細(xì)胞自身對缺血、缺氧的耐受能力,為心肌保護(hù)提供了一個新的途徑。隨著對IP機(jī)制研究不斷地深入及臨床實施IP方法的不斷改進(jìn),IP在心肌保護(hù)方面的效應(yīng)將會更加明顯。


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